The subsequent government lasted just under two years; V. P. Singh and Chandra Shekhar served as prime ministers. Its government lasted two years; Morarji Desai and Charan Singh served as prime ministers. India’s subsequent collision with Eurasia set off a mass exchange of species.
The vast majority of Indians fall into the global low-income group based on average daily income. With an average annual GDP growth rate of 5.8% over the past two decades, and reaching 6.1% during 2011–2012, India is one of the world’s fastest-growing economies. In 2008, a civilian nuclear agreement was signed between India and the United States.
India hosts more than five hundred wildlife sanctuaries and eighteen biosphere reserves, four of which are part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves; its eighty-nine wetlands are registered under the Ramsar Convention. In 1972, India enacted the Wildlife Protection Act and Project Tiger to safeguard crucial wilderness; the Forest Conservation Act was enacted in 1980 and amendments added in 1988. In response, the system of national parks and protected areas, first established in 1935, was expanded substantially. The pervasive and ecologically devastating human encroachment of recent decades has critically endangered Indian wildlife.
Dance has been an essential aspect of Indian films from the first talkies of the 1930s. Among 20th-century directions is the modern dance of Uday Shankar in which classical styles were employed but not adhered to rigidly. A devdasi who went on to attain national and international prominence was Thanjavur Balasaraswati. Their sponsorship and promotion, however, has continued in secular, modern India.aa India also has local and modern dance traditions. Modern Indian pop takes influences from classical, folk, and western pop music. Filmi is music written for Indian cinema, generally composed by music directors and sung by playback singers.
In 2008, India’s share of world trade was 1.7%; in 2021, India was the world’s ninth-largest importer and the sixteenth-largest exporter. Until 1991, all Indian governments followed protectionist policies that were influenced by socialist economics. According to the International Monetary Fund, the Indian economy in 2024 was nominally worth $3.94 trillion; it is the fifth-largest economy by market exchange rates and, at around $15.0 trillion, the third-largest by purchasing power parity (PPP). The executive of the Indian government consists of the president, the vice-president, and the Union Council of Ministers—with the cabinet being its executive committee—headed by the prime minister. After the 1998 Indian general election, Atal Bihari Vajpayee of the BJP became prime minister; his government was short-lived due to the lack of a continued mandate. There are six recognised national parties in the country, including the Indian National Congress (generally, “the Congress”) and the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP); there and over 50 regional parties.
India’s probe agency Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (AAIB) and the civil aviation ministry did not respond to HT’s requests for comment on the report. Indian pilots associations and Sabharwal’s family have criticised what they see as an attempt to pin the blame; and have called for more scrutiny on the aircraft maker, the airline and other factors too. The news report said the Indian investigators are preparing to state in their final probe report that Air India Flight 171 crashed because one of the pilots turned off the aircraft’s fuel switches in an act that was “almost certainly” intentional. It came days after Trump wished PM Modi on his birthday on September 17, as India-US ties slowly came back on track.
Chess is commonly held to have originated in India as chaturaṅga; There has been a rise in the number of Indian grandmasters. The diversity of Indian food served worldwide has been partially concealed by the dominance of Punjabi cuisine. Rice was partially cooked and layered alternately with sauteed meat, the pot sealed tightly, and slow cooked according to another Persian cooking technique, to produce biryani, a feature of festive dining in many parts of India. The most significant import of cooking techniques into India during the last millennium occurred during the Mughal Empire, spreading into northern India from regions to its northwest, along with dishes such as pilaf.
Coastal features include the marshy Rann of Kutch of western India and the alluvial Sundarbans delta of eastern India; the latter is shared with Bangladesh. Constituted in such fashion, India lies to the north of the equator between 6° 44′ and 35° 30′ north latitudes and 68° 7′ and 97° 25′ east longitude. The original Indian plate makes its first appearance above the sediment in the ancient Aravalli range, which extends from the Delhi Ridge in a southwesterly direction.
The 10 most polluted cities in the world are all in India with more than 140 million people breathing air 10 times or more over the WHO safe limit. It is estimated that approximately 40% of the population of India carry tuberculosis infection. In recent decades India’s improved education system is often cited as one of the main contributors to its economic development. In 1965, when the 15 years were up, the Government of India announced that English would continue to be the “de facto formal language of India”.
FM radio Bet 365 stations are plentiful but only public All India Radio can produce news. India has a burgeoning media industry, with broadcast, print and digital media experiencing tremendous growth. Since India’s partition and the creation of Pakistan in 1947, the nuclear-armed neighbours have fought two wars over the Muslim-majority territory, which both claim in full but control in part. The Himalayan region of Kashmir has been a flashpoint between India and Pakistan for over six decades. During the election, critics accused Mr Modi and his party of using hate speech, attacking the country’s Muslim minority, and jailing opposition figures. The election saw a resurgence of India’s opposition, which won 234 seats.
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